← All decks
Ophthalmology
The Physiology of Binocular Vision, Amblyopia and Anomalous Retinal Correspondence
Built from Strabismus Simplified, Second Edition
What’s inside
7 sections · 108 slides
Overview
- Scope of this topic
Sensory aspects of binocular vision
- Eye position and the binocular field across species
- Visual fields of hunted and hunting species
- Binocular and monocular fields of vision
- Relative and egocentric localization
- Primary visual direction and the cyclopean eye
- Egocentric and monocular spatial localization
- Corresponding and disparate retinal points
- The horopter and the Vieth-Muller circle
- Geometric and empirical horopters
- Panum's area of binocular fusion
- Corresponding points within Panum's area
- Stereopsis and monocular cues to depth
- Monocular cues used in two-dimensional drawings
- Further monocular cues to depth
Binocular vision and squint
- Confusion in strabismus
- Diplopia in strabismus
- Binocular versus monocular diplopia
- Consequences of loss of ocular alignment
Adaptations to squint
- Motor and sensory adaptations to squint
- Fusion as a motor adaptation
- Asthenopia from excessive fusional effort
- Compensatory head posture
- Blind spot mechanism of Swan
- Suppression as a sensory adaptation
- Suppression distinguished from visual ignorance
- Facultative and obligatory suppression
- Normal binocular connections of the right hemifield
- Abnormal binocular correspondence in microstrabismus
- Foveal suppression in right esotropia at the cortical level
- Angle of deviation determines the sensory adaptation
- Anomalous retinal correspondence: the concept
- Behaviour of ARC under monocular conditions
- Anomalous retinal correspondence in right esotropia
- Harmonious ARC and eccentric fixation
Amblyopia
- Definition of amblyopia
- Prevalence of amblyopia
- Classification of amblyopia: strabismic and anisometropic
- Classification: form vision deprivation amblyopia
- Classification: nystagmus related and organic amblyopia
- Pathomechanisms of the different types of amblyopia
- The amblyopia syndrome: visual functions affected
- The amblyopia syndrome: further abnormalities
- Recognition, resolution and detection acuity
- Acuity profiles in strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia
- Diagnostic criteria for amblyopia
- Hyperacuity: Vernier and stereo acuity
- Clinical use of Vernier acuity in media opacity
- Neutral density filter test in amblyopia
- The crowding phenomenon
- Crowding in prognosis and follow-up of amblyopia therapy
- Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia
- Contrast sensitivity at reduced luminance
- Other psychophysical functions in amblyopia
- Pupillary findings in amblyopia
- Three generalisations about amblyopic vision
Binocular development and cortical competition
- Sources of evidence on visual development
- Intrauterine development of retinal ganglion cells
- Development of the lateral geniculate body
- Development of the striate cortex and ocular dominance columns
- Synaptogenesis and the loose wiring of the newborn
- Parallel retino-geniculo-cortical streams
- Parallel visual pathways from retina to extrastriate cortex
- Parallel visual pathways from retina to cortex
- Magnocellular and parvocellular processing compared
- Organization of the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex
- Modular organization of the visual cortex
- Duration and limits of visual plasticity
- The role of the visual stimulus before birth
- Consequences of dark rearing and binocular lid suture
- Cortical competition after monocular deprivation
- Anatomical changes after monocular deprivation
- Ocular dominance histograms in normal, unilateral and alternating squint
- Conclusions on binocularity and cell loss
- Conclusions on duration, recovery and site of change
- Conclusions on LGB and cortical shrinkage
- Cortical basis of occlusion therapy
- Occlusion amblyopia
- The critical period for amblyopia and its treatment
- Determinants of outcome besides age
Anomalous retinal correspondence
- Anomalous retinal correspondence defined
- Cortical basis and anatomical limits of ARC
- Requirements for the development of ARC
- Conditions in which ARC does not develop
- Principle of diagnosing anomalous retinal correspondence
- Objective, subjective and anomaly angles in the three states
- Measuring the objective angle of deviation
- Tests for the subjective angle, most to least dissociating
- Tests for the subjective angle: the least dissociating end
- Fragility and the two levels of correspondence
- Bagolini's striated glasses: interpreting the responses
- Bagolini's test: prism neutralisation and a worked example
- Worth's four dot test for the subjective angle
- Synoptophore measurement of both angles
- After-image test and calculation of the angle of anomaly
- Key points: normal binocular physiology
- Key points: adaptations, amblyopia and ARC
- Suggested reading
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Suggested reading (continued)
- Strabismus Simplified