← All decks
General Surgery
Pharynx
Built from Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Surgery
What’s inside
8 sections · 177 slides
Overview
- Scope of this topic
- Regions of the pharynx
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Pharynx
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Pharynx (continued)
- Anatomic and Surgical History of the Pharynx (continued)
Embryogenesis of the pharynx
- Pharynx as a foregut derivative
- Components of the branchial apparatus
- Branchial arch system
- Adult pharyngeal derivatives of the pouches
- Terminology: branchial versus pharyngeal
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: muscles and skeletal elements
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: muscles and skeletal elements (continued)
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: ligaments and nerve supply
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: ligaments and nerve supply (continued)
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: pouch and groove derivatives
- Summary of Adult Structures Derived from Pharyngeal Arches: pouch and groove derivatives (continued)
- Anomalies of the lateral branchial apparatus
- First cleft and pouch defects
- Congenital cervicoaural fistula or cyst
- Complete second branchial fistula: course
- Course of a complete second branchial fistula
- Anomalies of the pharyngeal clefts and pouches
- Second pouch sinuses and cysts
- Types of second branchial cleft cyst
- Third cleft and pouch defects
- Fourth cleft and pouch defects
- Pathway of a fourth pharyngeal pouch abnormality
- Piriform apex fistula at endoscopy
- Operative principles for branchial anomalies
- Lingual thyroid
- Sites of thyroid descent and ectopic thyroid
- Exposure of a lingual thyroid
- Thyroglossal duct cyst and the Sistrunk procedure
Nasopharynx
- Alimentary and respiratory tracts of the head and neck
- Dual embryologic origin of the nasopharynx
- Mucosal transition at the eustachian tube orifice
- Rathke's pouch and development of the hypophysis
- Development of the nasal and oral cavities
- Congenital anomalies of the nasopharynx
- Bilateral choanal atresia on axial CT
- Surface anatomy: extent of the nasopharynx
- Base of the skull
- Skull in medial sagittal section
- Roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx
- Pharyngeal bursa and pharyngeal hypophysis
- Lateral wall of the nasopharynx
- Pharyngeal cavity opened from behind
- Waldeyer's ring
- Waldeyer's tonsillar ring in sagittal view
- Waldeyer's tonsillar ring in axial view
- Endoscopic landmarks of the nasopharynx
- Adenoids and masses on nasopharyngeal examination
- Midline nasopharyngeal remnants
- Techniques of nasopharyngeal examination
- Examination under general anaesthesia
- Indications for nasopharyngeal examination
- Layers of the nasopharyngeal wall
- Skull base attachment of the pharynx
- Pharyngeal muscles exposed from behind
- Nasopharynx and the middle cranial fossa
- Arteries of the skull in median section
- Internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus
- Routes of spread of nasopharyngeal tumours
- Muscles crossing the space below the skull base
- Tensor and levator veli palatini in tubal function
- Blood supply and innervation of the nasopharynx
- Arteries and nerves of the lateral nasal wall and palate
- Grisel's syndrome after nasopharyngeal surgery
- Neoplasms of the nasopharynx
- Benign Non-Epithelial Tumors, Involving the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx – 156 Cases
- Benign Non-Epithelial Tumors, Involving the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, and Nasopharynx – 156 Cases (continued)
- Malignant Tumors of Nasopharynx from the Mayo Tissue Registry, 1972 to 1981
- Malignant Tumors of Nasopharynx from the Mayo Tissue Registry, 1972 to 1981 (continued)
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: presentation
- Lymphatic spread from the nasopharynx
- Superficial cervical and facial lymph nodes
- Cranial nerve involvement in advanced disease
- Current Pharynx Cancer Staging
- Current Pharynx Cancer Staging (continued)
- Why the nasopharynx demands anatomical mastery
Myofascial framework of the pharynx
- Structure of the pharyngeal wall
- The three constrictor muscles
- Muscular wall of the pharynx from behind
- Superior pharyngeal constrictor
- Middle pharyngeal constrictor
- Inferior constrictor and cricopharyngeus
- Muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx
- Fascial coverings of the constrictors
- Interval between superior and middle constrictors
- Vessels and nerves of the dorsolateral pharyngeal wall
- Interval between middle and inferior constrictors
- Superior laryngeal nerve block
- Interval below the inferior constrictor
- Motor innervation of the pharynx
- Sensory innervation of the pharynx
- Blood supply and venous drainage of the pharynx
- Blood vessels and nerves of the neck
- Lymphatic drainage of the pharynx
- Killian's dehiscence and Zenker's diverticulum
- Pharyngo-oesophageal segment and sites of herniation
- Zenker's diverticulum
Oropharynx
- Boundaries of the oropharynx
- Soft palate: structure and function
- Muscles of the soft palate
- Levator veli palatini
- Tensor veli palatini and cleft palate
- Musculi uvulae and the submucous cleft
- Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
- Blood supply and innervation of the soft palate
- Palatine tonsil and the tonsillar fossa
- Bed of the palatine tonsil
- Tonsillar capsule and the peritonsillar space
- Spread of a peritonsillar abscess
- Blood supply of the palatine tonsil
- Vascular supply of the palatine tonsil
- Innervation of the tonsil and referred otalgia
- Pathway of referred otalgia from the oropharynx
- Base of tongue
- Innervation and lymphatic drainage of the base of tongue
- Valleculae and the pharyngoepiglottic folds
Laryngopharynx
- Extent and subsites of the laryngopharynx
- Posterior pharyngeal wall and piriform recess
- Postcricoid area
- Innervation of the laryngopharynx
- Vascular and lymphatic drainage of the laryngopharynx
- Presentation of hypopharyngeal tumours
- Referred otalgia from the hypopharynx
- Protecting the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
- Resection and reconstruction of the laryngopharynx
- Examination of the oropharynx
- Examination of the laryngopharynx
- Sequence of direct laryngoscopy
- Laryngeal crepitus
Deep neck spaces around the pharynx
- Pharyngeal relationship to deep neck spaces
- Retrovisceral compartments
- Fascial spaces of the head and neck
- Sagittal view of the head and neck fascial spaces
- Retropharyngeal space
- Danger space and prevertebral space
- Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces in sagittal view
- Deep neck spaces in axial view
- Parapharyngeal space: boundaries
- Frontal view of the parapharyngeal space
- Pre- and retrostyloid compartments
- Parapharyngeal masses and infections
- Penetrating injuries of the lateral oropharyngeal wall
- Posterior pharyngeal wall carcinoma
- Nodal metastasis in hypopharyngeal cancer
Physiology and surgical complications
- Velopharyngeal closure
- Phases of swallowing
- The pharyngeal phase and airway protection
- Cricopharyngeus and dysphagia
- Adenotonsillectomy: immediate complications
- Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage
- Velopharyngeal incompetence after adenoidectomy
- Grisel's syndrome after adenotonsillectomy
- Nasopharyngeal stenosis after adenotonsillectomy
- Severe nasopharyngeal stenosis
- Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: goals and technique
- Velopharyngeal insufficiency after UPPP
- Nasopharyngeal stenosis after UPPP
- Dysphagia after pharyngeal tumour surgery
- Pharyngocutaneous fistula
- Pharyngeal stenosis after tumour surgery
- Take-home points: embryology and anomalies
- Take-home points: anatomy and surgery
- Sources cited in the text
- Sources cited in the text (continued)
- Skandalakis' Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Surgery
- Join our WhatsApp groups