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The first 25 slides, exactly as they appear. The full deck has 57 content slides.
Paediatric Surgery
Congenital Renal Anomalies
Built from Puri — Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology
What’s inside
6 sections · 57 slides
Why These Anomalies Matter
CAKUT: a common, often silent, sometimes lethal group of birth defects
- What are we actually talking about?
- CAKUT by the numbers
- The phenotypic spectrum of CAKUT
- What this chapter covers
How a Kidney is Built
Three overlapping generations of kidney, then a climb and a turn
- The big picture: three kidneys, one survivor
- Step 1 - Nephrotomes lay down the first ducts
- Step 2 - The mesonephros and its two duct systems
- Step 3 - Cloacal fusion and the real kidney
- Metanephros: five stages of nephron formation
- The climb and the turn: kidney ascent and rotation
- Early stages of kidney development
Anomalies in Number
Missing kidneys, lethal absences, and the rare extra kidney
- Unilateral renal agenesis (URA): one kidney never forms
- Diagnosing URA and checking the survivor
- The empty renal fossa: don't call it agenesis too soon
- URA rarely travels alone: associated anomalies
- URA and the female genital tract: OHVIRA
- When URA is one clue in a multiorgan syndrome
- Multiorgan syndromes linked to URA
- Single kidney: hyperplasia vs hypertrophy
- Long-term prognosis: a solitary kidney is not harmless
- Bilateral agenesis/hypoplasia/dysplasia (BRAHD)
- Hypoplasia versus dysplasia - two words often confused
- The supernumerary kidney: a genuine third kidney
- Supernumerary kidney: complications and diagnosis
Anomalies of Rotation
The kidney that forms in the right place but faces the wrong way
- Renal malrotation: the kidney that never turned
- Planes of renal malrotation
Anomalies of Position & Fusion
Kidneys that stop too low, cross the midline, or join together
- Simple renal ectopia: a kidney that stopped climbing
- Ectopic kidney: vessels and the thoracic variant
- Right pelvic ectopic kidney on DMSA
- Crossed renal ectopia: the kidney on the wrong side
- Crossed renal ectopia with reflux
- Classifying crossed renal ectopia: McDonald & McClellan
- McDonald & McClellan types of crossed renal ectopia
- Six subtypes of crossed FUSED ectopia (by fusion shape)
- Fusion subtypes of crossed fused renal ectopia
- Horseshoe kidney (HSK): the commonest fusion anomaly
- Horseshoe kidney on ultrasound
- Why the horseshoe sits low and drains poorly
- Horseshoe kidney fused at the poles on DMSA
- Horseshoe kidney: the price of stasis
- Horseshoe kidney: syndromes and tumour risk
- Horseshoe kidney: the surgeon's nightmare vasculature
- Managing position & fusion anomalies
Key Takeaways
What to carry away from congenital renal anomalies
- Take-home messages (1 of 2)
- Take-home messages (2 of 2)
- Why does a horseshoe kidney characteristically sit low in the abdomen?
- References (1/3)
- References (2/3)
- References (3/3)
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology