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The first 25 slides, exactly as they appear. The full deck has 163 content slides.
Radiology
Neural Tube Defects Acrania-Exencephaly-Anencephaly Sequence, Cephalocele, Craniorachischisi
Built from Obstetric Imaging
What’s inside
8 sections · 163 slides
What a neural tube defect is
One thing goes wrong, and it shows up in four ways
- The brain and cord start life as a flat sheet
- Dysraphia — the word for a seam that did not close
- The four patterns to know
- Why these defects matter
- Who is affected
- The old screening test: a protein in the mother's blood
- Why that blood test only finds OPEN defects
- The catch with a normal result
- Ultrasound has taken over
- 100%
- Folic acid: the prevention story
- The doses to remember
- Inositol — the newer idea
How the neural tube normally forms
Neurulation day by day — the timetable every defect breaks
- Two building processes, not one
- Primary neurulation in one sentence
- Step 1 — the neural plate appears
- Step 2 — the plate lifts into folds
- Step 3 — the folds fuse
- The neuropores — the last two open ends
- The primary neurulation timetable
- Dorsal views of the embryo during neurulation
- Secondary neurulation — building the tail end
- How the tail end is built
- Secondary neurulation, step by step
- Why the embryology is worth learning
Acrania–exencephaly–anencephaly sequence
Three names for three stages of one process
- Three words, one continuum
- One process seen at three moments
- How common is it?
- What goes wrong, and when
- The three phases in detail
- Risk factors for AEAS
- Recurrence risk — what to tell parents
- How the fetus looks
- Area cerebrovasculosa — the exposed tissue
- Outlook — lethal, always
- How AEAS is found
- Exencephaly on ultrasound
- Extruding brain tissue at 13 weeks
- A freely floating cephalic pole in the first trimester
- The bilobed “Mickey Mouse” brain at 9 weeks
- Anencephaly on ultrasound
- Absent calvarium at 13 weeks
- Orbital border, present and absent
- Orbits marking the top of the face in the second trimester
- What else to look for
- Classic signs to memorise
- What else could it be?
- Management of AEAS
- Delivery and the newborn
- AEAS — key points
Cephalocele
Brain and its coverings pushed out through a hole in the skull
- What a cephalocele is
- Four things the sac can contain
- How common, and where
- Naming them by site
- Sites in numbers
- Geography changes the picture
- Why cephaloceles happen
- Genetic and syndromic links
- Rarely alone
- Recurrence risk
- What it looks like after birth
- Outlook
- Ultrasound findings
- Reading the sac
- Meningocele and posterior encephalocele side by side
- What those two panels teach
- Posterior encephalocele at 24 weeks
- Posterior encephalocele at 12 weeks
- The company they keep
- Classic signs
- What else could it be?
- Management
- After surgery — the numbers
- Delivery planning
- Cephalocele — key points
Craniorachischisis
The whole seam fails — skull and spine together
- What it is
- How rare, and where
- The failure point
- How the fetus looks
- Absent vault with a short, split spine
- Skull and spine defects in the same fetus
- Associated anomalies
- On ultrasound
- Telling it apart
- Craniorachischisis — key points
Spinal dysraphism
Open or skin-covered — the split that decides the whole prognosis
- What spinal dysraphism means
- The one split that matters
- The two open forms
- The two closed forms
- Chiari II — the brain half of the problem
- How common — open defects
- How common — closed defects
- Why open defects happen
- Why closed defects happen
- Risk factors and recurrence
- The spectrum of spinal dysraphism, from intact tube to lipoma
- Reading that spectrum, panel by panel
- The two open forms, enlarged
- The three closed forms, enlarged
- How the three forms look on the newborn's back
- What the two open forms look like
- Brain problems that travel with open defects
- Body problems that travel with open defects
- Closed defects — the clinical picture
- Tethered cord and diastematomyelia
- Outlook for spinal dysraphism
- Function after birth
- Imaging overview
- First trimester — looking at the spine itself
- A small lumbosacral defect seen in the first trimester
- Intracranial translucency — the fourth ventricle sign
- How good is the IT sign?
- Landmarks of the posterior fossa, normal and abnormal
- The normal posterior fossa, labelled
- The cisterna magna
- Brainstem to occipital bone ratio
- The four-line view
- The newest first-trimester markers
- Second trimester — scanning the spine
- Myelomeningocele in three scan planes
- Myelocele — an open tube with no covering cyst
- Axial and coronal clues
- Working out the level of the lesion
- Lemon and banana
- Frontal scalloping and a flattened cerebellum
- Newer second-trimester cranial signs
- Imaging closed defects
- Closed spina bifida with meningocele
- Closed spina bifida with lipoma
- The finding that separates them
- Classic signs — open defects
- Classic signs — closed defects
- Other things a spinal cyst could be
- Managing an open defect
- Fetal surgery — who qualifies
- What fetal surgery achieves — and costs
- Delivery and postnatal care
- Spinal dysraphism — key points (1)
- Spinal dysraphism — key points (2)
Pulling it together
Four defects side by side, and what changes an outcome
- The four defects side by side
- What decides the outcome
- When each defect is picked up
- Six things to carry away
References
The source list printed with this topic
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- Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care, 2nd Edition