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Radiology
Methods of Examination, Normal Anatomy, and Radiographic Findings of Chest Disease
Built from Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology
What’s inside
10 sections · 141 slides
Overview
- Scope of chest imaging
- How the deck is organized
Imaging Modalities
Radiography, special views, CT, HRCT, MR, PET, ultrasound, and more
- Chest imaging methods
- Conventional chest radiography
- Normal frontal and lateral chest radiographs
- Portable (AP) radiography
- Digital (computed) radiography
- Dual-energy subtraction (DES)
- Dual-energy subtraction chest radiographs
- Dual-energy evaluation of a focal density
- Digital tomosynthesis (DTS)
- Digital tomosynthesis for lung nodule localization
- Special views
- Decubitus radiography for pleural effusion
- CT of the chest
- Common indications for chest CT
- High-resolution CT (HRCT)
- MRI of the thorax
- Noncardiovascular indications for thoracic MR
- PET and PET/CT
- Ultrasound of the chest
- Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning
- Pulmonary angiography
- Needle biopsy, ablation, and drainage
Normal Chest Anatomy
Airways, lobes and segments, fissures, vessels, interstitium, and pleura
- Path of air to the gas-exchange unit
- Trachea and main bronchi
- Tracheobronchial tree anatomy (panels A-E)
- Tracheobronchial tree anatomy (panels F-L)
- Tracheobronchial tree anatomy (panels M-O)
- Lobar anatomy
- Normal lobar and fissural anatomy
- Bronchopulmonary segments
- The respiratory portion of the lung
- Fissures and accessory fissures
- Fissural anatomy on CT
- Pleural ligaments
- Intersegmental septum and pericardiophrenic ligaments
- Pulmonary arteries
- Bronchial arteries and pulmonary veins
- Pulmonary lymphatics
- The pulmonary interstitium
- Diagram of the pulmonary interstitium
Frontal Chest Radiograph
Soft tissues, bones, the junction lines, and the lung-mediastinal interfaces
- Soft tissues and bones on the frontal view
- Anterior and posterior junction lines
- Anterior and posterior junction lines
- Anterior and posterior junction lines
- Right lung-mediastinal interfaces
- Left lung-mediastinal interfaces
- Normal lung-mediastinal interfaces
- Normal lung-mediastinal interfaces
- Aortic nipple
- Epipericardial fat pads
- Normal epipericardial fat pads
- Reading the lungs, diaphragm, and upper abdomen
Lateral Chest Radiograph
The three clear spaces and the lateral interfaces
- Purpose of the lateral projection
- The three clear spaces
- Lateral chest radiographic anatomy
- Other lateral interfaces
Anatomy of the Normal Mediastinum
Compartments, the visceral spaces, and nodal stations
- Three mediastinal compartments
- Three mediastinal compartments
- Mediastinal compartments (ITMIG)
- Contents of the mediastinum
- Four visceral mediastinal spaces
- Mediastinal nodal stations
- Normal mediastinal anatomy on axial CT (levels A-F)
- Normal mediastinal anatomy on CT (levels G-I, coronal, sagittal)
Normal Hilar Anatomy
The pulmonary hila on frontal and lateral views
- Normal hilum on the frontal view
- Normal hilum on the lateral view
- Normal frontal and lateral hilar anatomy
Pleural Anatomy
Visceral and parietal pleura and how they appear on CT
- Visceral and parietal pleura
- Normal pleural and chest wall anatomy
- Seeing the pleura on CT
- HRCT of the pleura
Chest Wall and Diaphragmatic Anatomy
The bony cage, its muscles, and the three hiatuses
- Chest wall structures
- Normal chest wall anatomy on CT
- Diaphragm and its hiatuses
- Normal diaphragmatic hiatuses on CT
Radiographic Findings in Chest Disease
Opacity, lucency, and disease of the mediastinum, hila, pleura, and diaphragm
- Two broad patterns of pulmonary opacity
- Two broad patterns of pulmonary opacity
- Patterns of pulmonary opacity
- Airspace disease
- Air bronchograms in airspace disease
- Radiographic characteristics of airspace disease
- Silhouette sign
- Airspace patterns
- Diffuse confluent airspace opacity
- Bronchopneumonia: frontal radiograph
- Bronchopneumonia: coronal CT
- Atelectasis: five mechanisms
- Types of pulmonary atelectasis
- How resorption atelectasis develops
- General signs of atelectasis
- Radiographic signs in lobar atelectasis
- Right upper lobe atelectasis
- Lobar atelectasis: right upper lobe
- Left upper lobe atelectasis
- Right middle lobe atelectasis
- Lobar atelectasis: left upper and right middle lobes
- Lower lobe and combined atelectasis
- Right lower lobe atelectasis
- Lobar atelectasis: combined middle/lower and left lower
- Atelectasis of the entire lung
- Atelectasis of the entire lung
- Segmental and subsegmental atelectasis
- Subsegmental (platelike) atelectasis
- Rounded atelectasis
- Rounded atelectasis
- Interstitial disease patterns
- Patterns of interstitial abnormality on radiography
- Patterns of interstitial pulmonary opacity
- Patterns of interstitial pulmonary opacity (continued)
- Pulmonary nodule and mass
- Mucoid impaction
- Pulmonary lucency overview
- Causes of pulmonary lucency
- Air-containing lesions
- Focal pulmonary lucencies
- Diffuse hyperlucency
- Mediastinal masses by compartment
- Mediastinal widening
- Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium
- Pneumopericardium
- Hilar enlargement
- Hilar lymph node enlargement on lateral radiography
- Pleural effusion
- Pleural effusions on upright chest radiography
- Subpulmonic effusion
- Bilateral subpulmonic pleural effusions
- Pneumothorax
- Pneumothorax on radiography and CT
- Pneumothorax in a supine patient
- Pneumothorax mimics
- Skin folds simulating pneumothorax
- Pleural thickening
- Apical cap reflecting fibrosis
- Pleural, extrapleural, and chest wall lesions
- Diaphragmatic abnormalities
- Key takeaways
- Suggested readings
- Suggested readings
- Brant and Helms' Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology