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Radiology
Poland Sequence
Built from Obstetric Imaging
What’s inside
7 sections · 40 slides
The condition
One side of the chest and the arm on that same side
- Definition of Poland sequence
- Terms used in describing Poland sequence
- 1:30,000
- Prevalence and epidemiology
- Pectoralis major muscle anatomy
Cause and inheritance
Why the chest muscle and the hand fail together
- Etiology and pathophysiology
- Subclavian artery supply disruption sequence
- Origin of the subclavian arteries from the aortic arch
- Genetics and recurrence risk
Clinical features
What is absent, what is malformed, what travels with it
- Clinical presentation
- Digital anomalies of the affected hand
- Hand anomaly in Poland syndrome
- Associated abnormalities
- Findings reported alongside Poland sequence
- Associated syndromes
- Chest wall contour in Poland syndrome
Prenatal ultrasound
What has been seen, and what to look for
- Reported prenatal ultrasound diagnosis
- Sonographic pattern that raises the diagnosis
- Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound
- Fetal chest, ribs and spine on ultrasound
- Flexed fetal arm without radial or ulnar ossification
- Rib hypoplasia on cross-section of the fetal chest
- Hemivertebrae of the thoracic spine
- Radial and ulnar dysplasia of the forearm
- Right upper limb with absence of the hand
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions with one-sided limb and chest findings
- Differential diagnosis from imaging findings
- Differential diagnosis from imaging findings (continued)
Management
Before birth and after birth
- Prenatal management
- Care pathway from suspicion to treatment
- Postnatal management
- Prenatal suspicion and postnatal confirmation
- Newborn with an arm deformity
Summary and references
The take-home message and the source list
- What the referring physician needs to know
- Key points
- References
- References (continued)
- References (continued)
- References (continued)
- Suggested readings
- Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care, 2nd Edition