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Radiology
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
Built from Obstetric Imaging
What’s inside
9 sections · 61 slides
Overview
- What this topic covers
The foot that will not straighten
What the deformity is, and what the name is telling you
- Start with the picture, not the word
- What the name is describing
- The formal definition
- Bones of the foot, back to front
- More than a bone problem
- A newborn foot in the clubfoot position
- True clubfoot versus a squashed foot
- Do not stop looking just because the womb was tight
- The single most useful split
How common, and in whom
Numbers worth remembering before you counsel anyone
- 2 in 1000
- Frequency and sex
- It runs in families
- It is not the same everywhere
Why it happens
Outside forces, single genes and whole syndromes
- Most cases have no other problem
- Two ways to sort the causes
- When a single gene is enough
- Other genes in the frame
- The syndromic one in five
- Reading the chromosome list
- Chromosome abnormalities reported with clubfoot
- Aneuploidies Associated With Clubfoot
- Reading the Mendelian list
- Single-gene disorders reported with clubfoot
- Mendelian Disorders Associated With Clubfoot
- Mendelian Disorders Associated With Clubfoot (continued)
- Mendelian Disorders Associated With Clubfoot (continued)
- Three more routes to a clubbed foot
What you see on ultrasound
The sign that makes the diagnosis, and what it misses
- How well the scan performs
- The sign that confirms it
- Foot and shin bones in one plane
- Foot turning in on two-dimensional ultrasound
- Both feet turned in on a rendered surface view
- Where three-dimensional imaging helps
- The parts of the deformity
- From toes to ankle
- Never stop at the foot
- Four systems that can produce a clubfoot
- What magnetic resonance imaging adds
Working out the cause
From the differential diagnosis to genetic testing
- The real question is not what, but what else
- Which genetic test, and when
- The workup, step by step
Counselling and delivery
What you can promise, and what you cannot
- Send them to the right place
- What the scan cannot tell you
- Planning the birth
Treatment after birth
Manipulation, casting, bracing and surgery
- The easy tenth
- The standard treatment
- Holding the correction
- When an operation is needed
- The treatment ladder
- Syndromic cases are a different job
- What happens to these children
The bottom line
What the referring physician needs to know
- What the referring physician needs to know
- What the referring physician needs to know
- Key points
- Key points
- The whole topic in six lines
- References
- References (continued)
- References (continued)
- Obstetric Imaging: Fetal Diagnosis and Care, 2nd Edition