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The first 25 slides, exactly as they appear. The full deck has 53 content slides.
Ophthalmology
Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Built from Khurana — Neuro-Ophthalmology
What’s inside
7 sections · 53 slides
What the disease is
Names, who gets it, and why the eyes bulge
- The one idea to hold onto
- Same disease, many names
- How common is it?
- What you actually see in the clinic
Why it happens
Antibodies, fibroblasts, and a swelling orbit
- The thyroid gland is not the culprit
- It tracks the antibody, not the hormone
- Who is at risk
- The mechanism, step by step
- The inflammatory cascade of TAO
- Active fire, then quiet scar
How it presents
Symptoms, signs, and the classic eye findings
- The clinical course in one breath
- What the patient complains of
- Systemic clues that come along
- Lid signs: the tell-tale stare
- Eponymous eyelid signs of TAO
- Bilateral lid retraction and proptosis
- Conjunctival, pupillary and corneal signs
- Ocular motility: stiff, tethered muscles
- Exophthalmos: the bulging eye
- The sight-threatening emergency
- Pretibial dermopathy and thyroid acropachy
Classifying the disease
NOSPECS, clinical types, and Rundle's curve
- Why we grade it — and the mnemonic
- The NOSPECS classes (ATA)
- Practical grouping and its limits
- Other ways to classify TAO
- The clinical course: three phases and a curve
Making the diagnosis
Differentials, blood tests and orbital imaging
- When the diagnosis is tricky
- Differential diagnosis of a proptotic eye
- Blood tests and pressure tricks
- Orbital imaging: when and why
- CT of the orbits showing thickened muscles
- Orthoptics and what the tissue shows
Treating the eye disease
Supportive care, immune suppression and staged surgery
- The guiding principle of treatment
- Non-surgical supportive measures
- Turning down the immune fire
- Orbital radiation
- Surgery: the right order matters
- Bony orbital decompression: walls vs benefit
- Decompression: safety details and the fat option
- Straightening the eyes and freeing the lids
- Lid surgery, blepharoplasty and the team
Bringing it together
Key messages and self-test
- Key takeaways
- Known TAO, now falling acuity and lost colour vision over 3 days. What is happening and what must you do?
- References
- Neuro-Ophthalmology