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The first 25 slides, exactly as they appear. The full deck has 41 content slides.
Ophthalmology
Orbital Apex Syndrome
Built from Khurana — Neuro-Ophthalmology
What’s inside
7 sections · 41 slides
Overview
- What you will learn in this deck
What the syndrome is
- The orbital apex, in plain terms
- What crowds through the apex
- Defining orbital apex syndrome
- Three neighbouring syndromes, told apart
- Why the three syndromes blur into each other
- Who gets it
The causes, group by group
- The big picture of causes
- How often each cause appears (series of 151 patients)
- Inflammatory causes
- Infectious causes: the overview
- The dangerous fungus: mucormycosis (zygomycosis)
- Mucormycosis: who is at risk and how it presents
- Mucormycosis: treatment
- Neoplastic causes
- Iatrogenic causes (from surgery itself)
- Traumatic causes
- What an orbital apex fracture can do
- Vascular causes
- Carotid-cavernous fistula and sinus thrombosis
How it presents
- The two hallmarks
- The pattern of pain
- Pupils, sensation and the bulging eye
Working out the cause
- Imaging: MRI first
- Imaging: CT and angiography
- Laboratory workup
- Reaching the diagnosis
Treatment
- The guiding principle, and corticosteroids
- Using steroids carefully, and immunosuppressants
Pulling it together
- Orbital apex syndrome at a glance
- Clinical hooks worth remembering
- An adult has one-sided visual loss, double vision and retrobulbar pain with limited eye movements. Where is the lesion?
- References
- Neuro-Ophthalmology