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The first 25 slides, exactly as they appear. The full deck has 159 content slides.
Maxillofacial Surgery
Facial Type
Built from Facial Aesthetics — Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis
What’s inside
11 sections · 159 slides
Overview
- What this topic covers
- “
- Why we still need types
What 'normal' really means
Norms, ranges of variability and proportion indices
- Clinicians compare patients to norms
- “
- From one average to a range
- Where normal ends and deformity begins
- Wide spread versus narrow spread
- Four ways to describe a face
- Where proportional targets come from
- What a proportion index is
- The data behind the numbers
- Two families of proportion index
- When two wrongs make a right
Head type
Cephalic index, head shapes and head circumference
- What the cephalic index measures
- How the cephalic index is taken
- Working out the index
- The index on a dry skull
- Three head shapes
- Long, average and short-wide head types
- Reading the head type table
- Classification of anatomical head types
- Head shape differs between populations
- Cephalic index of three ethnic groups (data modified from Farkas)
- 'White' is far too broad a label
- Head circumference
- Head circumference between groups
- Head circumference of three ethnic groups (data modified from Farkas)
The face from the front
Facial shape, height-to-width ratios and the facial index
- Start face-on
- Shapes are combinations
- Three ways to compare height with width
- Face height compared with face width
- The usual proportions
- The facial index
- Durer's drawings of frontal face types
- Three face types
- Broad, average and narrow face types
- Reading the face type table
- Classification of anatomical face types
The face in profile
Divergence, profile contour, facial angles and the cranial base
- Three questions the side view answers
- Facial divergence: the lean of the face
- Durer's drawings of facial slope
- Divergence versus convexity
- Three divergence patterns
- Posterior, neutral and anterior facial divergence
- Divergence is normal variation
- Profile contour: convex, straight, concave
- Durer's drawings of profile contour
- What contour tells you, and what it cannot
- Convex, straight and concave profiles
- Reading a profile contour
- Putting a number on convexity
- The same angle on a radiograph
- The angle of facial profile convexity
- How much convexity looks attractive
- The facial angle: how forward is the chin?
- Four reasons a chin sits where it does
- The facial angle on a cephalogram
- The facial angle
- The face hangs off the skull base
- Cranial base angle values
- Anterior cranial base length
- Cranial base angle and anterior cranial base length
- Look beside the midline too
- The parasagittal profile
Vertical facial pattern
Hyperdivergent and hypodivergent faces, and how they are measured
- Growth has a direction
- The many names for one long face
- What happens in a hyperdivergent face
- The hyperdivergent, high-angle face
- How a long face becomes hyperdivergent
- 'Long face' really means tall face
- The hypodivergent, short face
- The hypodivergent, low-angle face
- High angle versus low angle
- Measuring the mandibular plane at the chairside
- Feeling the mandibular plane angle in clinic
- Reported values for the FMPA
- The mandibular plane angle on a cephalogram
- The mandibular plane angle on a cephalogram
- The gonial angle
- The gonial angle
- Where the facial planes converge
- Comparing face height with face depth
- Reading the Bimler index
- Face height against horizontal face depth
- The facial axis
- The facial axis
- The y-axis
- The y-axis
Curves, angularity and contour
Why facial beauty is read from curves rather than measurements
- “
- An old idea about beauty
- From points to surfaces
- Facial curvilinear relationships
- “
- Soft lines and sharp lines
- Smoothness beats the angle itself
- Soft and sharp facial contour lines
- The three profile curves
- The three profile curves described by Case
- Profile flow
- S-shaped curves of the profile
- Contour defects
- A contour defect of the nasal dorsum
Male and female faces
The pattern of differences, not one single feature
- What sexual variation means
- When the difference appears
- Overall shape and cranium
- Forehead, brow and eyebrows
- Nose, cheeks and lips
- Jaw and chin
Ancestry and facial variation
Why race is not a scientific category, and what to use instead
- Where the normal values come from
- A nineteenth-century idea
- Why that classification collapsed
- “
- Variation within beats variation between
- A better name: geographical variation
- Terminology stays a problem
- Language tells the same story
- Everyone shares ancestors
- What to actually use in clinic
- What patients actually want
- Where the real differences sit
- Four patients, one skeletal pattern
- Class III correction in a patient of mixed East Asian and white ancestry
- Class III correction in a patient of Indian subcontinent ancestry
- Class III correction in a patient of west African ancestry
- Class III correction in a patient of north-western European ancestry
The ageing face
Skin, fat, muscle and bone, and what is still argued about
- “
- Ageing runs to a timetable
- Why clinicians study ageing
- What happens to the skin
- Four kinds of line on the face
- Relaxed skin tension lines
- What happens to facial fat
- Excess fat and loose skin in the ageing face
- Muscle, teeth and bone
- How tooth loss reshapes the jaws
- Da Vinci's old and young man in profile
- What is agreed about facial ageing
- What is still argued about
- Why the evidence cannot settle it
- The Lambros study
- What the averaged faces suggest
- Average young and older female faces
- Examining the ageing face
- Midface and neck
- Why a face looks older
- Typical ageing changes of the face
- The ageing neck
Bringing it together
A working order for reading any face
- How to read any face
- Numbers worth remembering
- Traps to avoid
- References
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- Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd Edition